بررسی همبستگی خصوصیات فیزیکی و عناصر غذائی خاک بر شدت بیماری پژمردگی فوزاریومی و عملکرد گوجه‌فرنگی در منطقه رامیان، استان گلستان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه گیاه پزشکی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان. ایران.

2 استادیار گروه گیاه پزشکی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

3 مربی گروه گیاه پزشکی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

4 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه گیاه پزشکی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

چکیده

دلایل مختلفی مانند بیماری­های گیاهی سبب کاهش محصول گوجه‌فرنگی می‌شوند. بیماری پژمردگی آوندی ناشی از قارچ Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici یکی از مهم‌ترین بیماری‌های این محصول است که همه ساله خسارت زیادی را به تولیدکنندگان گوجه‌فرنگی در سراسر جهان وارد می‌سازد. این آزمایش به منظور بررسی تاثیر ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک بر شدت بیماری پژمردگی فوزاریومی گوجه­فرنگی در منطقه رامیان (استان گلستان) اجرا گردید. بدین منظور تعدادی مزارع مختلف گوجه­فرنگی در منطقه به صورت تصادفی انتخاب و نمونه­برداری انجام شد. سپس ویژگی‌های مختلف فیزیکی (هدایت الکتریکی و pH) و شیمیایی (نیتروژن، پتاسیم، فسفر و ماده­ آلی) خاک اندازه‌گیری گردید. ارزیابی بیماری نیز با شمارش تعداد مایه­ی تلقیح بیمارگر در خاک و شدت بیماری پژمردگی فوزاریومی گوجه­فرنگی توسط مقیاس­های ظاهری (علائم برگی) و داخلی (تغییر رنگ آوندی) در مزارع مختلف ثبت شد. نتایج نشان داد که همبستگی بین pH خاک با مقدار مایه­ی تلقیح بیمارگر اگرچه کم، اما معنی­دار بود. در مقابل، همبستگی معنی­داری بین EC، مقادیر نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم و ماده آلی خاک با تعداد مایه­ی تلقیح بیمارگر مشاهده نشد. همبستگی­های بین EC، مقدار پتاسیم خاک و مایه­ی تلقیح بیمارگر با مقیاس ظاهری نیز پایین، اما معنی­دار بوده است، هم­چنین همبستگی بین مقیاس داخلی با تعداد مایه­ی تلقیح بیمارگر به صورت مثبت و با فسفر و پتاسیم خاک به صورت منفی مشاهده شد. در مزارع مورد بررسی هیچ­گونه همبستگی بین تعداد مایه­ی تلقیح بیمارگر با صفات عملکرد چین اول، دوم و عملکرد کل مشاهده نشد، اما همبستگی بین تعداد مایه­ی تلقیح بیمارگر با عملکرد چین سوم منفی و معنی‌داری بوده است. مقیاس داخلی با عملکرد چین اول گوجه­فرنگی نیز همبستگی منفی و معنی‌داری نشان داد. به طور کلی، این مطالعه همبستگی معنی­دار و پایین پتاسیم و فسفر خاک را بر شدت پژمردگی فوزاریومی در مزارع گوجه­فرنگی منطقه رامیان نشان داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Ahmady, k., H. R. Ebadzadeh, H. Abdshah, A. Kazemian, and M. Rafiei. 2019. Agricultural Statistics Yearbook 2018-2019. Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Tehran.
Ajigbola, C. F., and O. O. Babalola. 2013. Integrated Management Strategies for Tomato Fusarium Wilt. Biocontrol Sciences. 18 (3): 117-127.
Amir, H., and C. Alabouvette. 1993. Involvement of soil abiotic factors in the mechanisms of soil supressiveness to Fusarium wilt. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 25: 157-164.
Amtmann, A., T. Stephanie, and A. Patrick. 2008. The effect of potassium nutrition on pest and disease resistance in plants. Physiological Plantarum. 133: 682-691.
Arshad, M. A., and S. Martin. 2002. Identifying Critical Limits for Soil Quality Indicators in Agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 88: 153-160.
Ayoubi, S. H., S. Mohammad Zamani, and F. Khormali. 2007. Prediction total N by organic matter content using some geostatistic approaches in part of farm land of Sorkhankalateh, Golestan Province. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 14(4): 78-87. (In Persian).
Baetz, U., and M. Enrico. 2014. Root exudates: the hidden part of plant defense. Trends in Plant Science. 19:90-98.
Bindraban, P. S., C. O. Dimkpa, and D. Pandey. 2020. Exploring phosphorus fertilizers and fertilization strategiesfor improved human and environmental health. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 56: 299-317.
Bonanomi, G., V. Antignani, M. Capodilupo, and F. Scala. 2010. Identifying the characteristics of organicsoil amendments that suppress soilborne plant diseases. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 42: 136-144.
Borrero, C., M. I. Trillas, A. Delgado, and M. Avilés. 2012. Effect of ammonium⁄ nitrate ratio in nutrient solution oncontrol of Fusarium wilt of tomato by Trichoderma asperellum T34. Plant Pathology 61: 132-139.
Burgess, L. W., B. A. Summerell, S. Bullock, K. P. Gott, and D. Backhouse, 1994. Laboratory Manual for Fusarium Research. Univercity of Sydney, Sydney.
Cao, Z.Q., T. F. Fan, Y. M. Bi, G. L. Tian and L.S. Zhang. 2016. Potassium deficiency and root exudates reduce root growth and increase Fusarium oxysporum growth and disease incidence in continuously cultivated strawberry. New ZealandJournal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 44: 58-68.
 
Carvalhais, L. C., P. G. Dennis, D. Fedoseyenko, M. R. Hajirezaei, R. Borriss, and N. Wiren. 2011. Root exuda-tion of sugars, amino acids, and organic acids by maize as affected by nitrogen, phosphorus, pot-assium, and iron deficiency. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 174: 3-11.
Chitarra, W., Cogliati, E., Pugliese, M., Gilardi, G., Gullino, M. L., and Garibaldi, A., 2014. Effect of silicates and electrical conductivity on Fusarium wilt of tomato grown soiless. In VII Intemational Symposium on Chemical and Non-Chemical Soil and Substrate Disinfestation. 1044, 53-55.
Corrales Escobosa, A. R., K. Wrobel, J. A. Landero Figueroa, J. F. Gutierrez Corona, and K. Wrobel. 2010. Effect of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on the soil-to-root translocation of heavy metals in tomato plants susceptible and resistant to the fungus. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 58(23): 12392-12398.
Domınguez, J., M. A. Negrı́n, and C. M. Rodrıguez. 2001. Aggregate water-stability, particle-size and soil solution properties in conducive and suppressive soils to Fusarium wilt of banana from Canary Islands (Spain). Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 33(4-5): 449-455.
El-Shennawy, R. Z., M. M. Omran, and A. A. El-Motteleb. 2010. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer treatments on incidence of Fusarium root-rot/wilt disease complex and on yield components of lupin, chickpea and lentil crops. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 18(1): 193-202.
Etebarian, H. R. 1992. Studies on Fusarium wilt of tomato and its chemical control in Varamin area. Iranian Journal of Aricultural sciences. 23(1): 1-13. (In Persian).
Fageria, N. K., V. C. Baligar, and C. A. Jones. 2010. Growth and mineral nutrition of field crops. CRC Press.
FAO. 2019. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation Quaterly bulletion of Statistucs. Rome, Italy.
Fassihiani, A. 1985. Occurrence of Fusarium wilt of tomato in Hormozgan. Iranian journal of Plant Pathology. 21: 29-32. (In Persian).
Fayzalla, E. S. A., Y. M. Shabana, and N. S. Mahmoud. 2008. Effect of environmental conditions on wilting and root rot fungi pathogenic to solanaceous plants. Plant Pathology Journal. 7(1): 27-33.
Gee, G. W., and J. W. Bauder. 1986. Particle-Size Analysis. In A. Klute (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods (pp. 383-411). American society of agronomy/soil science society of America, Madison, USA.
Hao, J. J., M. E. Yang, and R. M. Davis. 2009. Effect of soil inoculum density of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4 on disease development in cotton. Plant Disease. 93: 1324-1328.
Hoeper, H., C. Steinberg, and C. Alabouvette. 1995. Involvement of clay type and pH in the mechanisms of soil suppressivenes to Fusarium wilt of flax. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 27: 955-967.
Huber, D. M., and S. Haneklaus. 2007. Managing nutrition to control plant disease. Landbauforschung Völkenrode 4:313-322.
Issaci, R., S. G. Leyva-Mir, J. sahagun-Castellanos, K. Camara-Correla, J. M. Tovar-Pedraza, and J. E. Rodriguez-Prez. 2018. Occurrence, identification, and pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. associated with tomato wilt in Mexico Micah. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 46(2): 483-493. 
Jackson M. L., 1975. Soil Chemical Analysis: Advanced Course. Department of Soils, College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
Kim, S. W., J. H. Jung, K. Lamsal, Y. S. Kim, J. S. Min, and Y. S. Lee. 2012. Antifungal effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against various plant pathogenic fungi. Mycobiology. 40(1): pp.53-58.
Komada, H. 1975. Development of a selective medium for quantitative isolation of Fusarium oxysporum from natural soil. Review of Plant Protection Research. 8: 114-124.
Knudsen, D., G. A. Peterson, and P. F. Pratt. 1982. Lithium, Sodium and potassium. In: A. L. Page etal (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 2 (pp. 225-246). American society of agronomy, Madison. WI.
Leslie, J. F., and B. A. Summerell. 2006. The Fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell Publishing professional, Ames, lowa, USA. 388 Pages.
Manafi, R., A. Babay ahari, M. Arzanlou, and M. Valizadeh. 2012. Assessment of resistance in tomato varieties under greenhouse conditions against Fusarium Wilt, and biological control of the disease. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 2(2): 145-158. (In Persian).
Nelson, D. W., and L. E. Sommers. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In A.L. Page et al (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (pp. 961-1010). 2nd Edition, Agronomy Series No. 9, ASA SSSA, Madison.
Olsen, S. R., C. V. Cole, F. S. Watanabe, and L. A. Dean. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Circular, Vol 939 (p. 19). Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture.
Pal, N., A, Kumar, and A. B. Malannavar. 2019. Effect of temperature and pH levels on the growth and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini causing linseed wilt. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 7(3): 4494-4497
Paplonatas, E. J., D. M., Bassett, J. C. Broome, and J. E. Davay. 1992 Incidence of Verticillium wilt and yield losses of cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum) Based on soil inoculumdensity of Verticillium dahliae. Phytopathology. 82: 1417-1420.
Paugh, K. R., and T. R. Gordon. 2019. The effect of planting date and inoculum density on severity of Fusarium wilt of lettuce in California. Plant Disease. 103(7): 1498–1506.
Pretorius, J. C., D. T. Nieuwoudt, and D. Eksteen. 1999. Sucrose synthesis and translocation in Zea mays L. during early growth, when subjected to N and K deficiency. South African Journal of Plant and Soil. 16:173-179.
Rowe, R. C. 1980. Comparative pathogenicity and host ranges of Fusarium oxysporum isolates causing crown and root rot of Greenhouse and field-grown tomatoes in North America and Japan. Phytopathology. 70(12): 1143-1148.
Sally, A. M., C. R. Randal, and M. R. Richard. 2006. Fusarium and Verticillium wilts of Tomato, Potato, Pepper and Eggplant. The Ohio State University Extension.
Sanogo, S., and X. B. Yang. 2001. Relation of sand content, pH, andpotassium and phosphorus nutrition to the development of sudden death syndrome in soybean. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 23:174-180.
Sarhan, A. R. T., B. Barna, and Z. Kiraly. 1982. Effect of nitrogen nutrition on Fusarium wilt of tomato plants. Annals of Applied Biology. 101 (2): 245-250.
Sereme, A., C. Dabire, M. Kolala, M. K. Somda, and A. S. Traore. 2016. Influence of organic and mineral fertilizers on the antioxidants and total phenolic compounds level in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) var. mongal F1. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. 4(4): 414-420.
Scheffknecht, S., R. Mammerler, S. Steinkellner, and H. Vierheilig. 2006. Root exudates of mycorrhizal tomato plants exhibit a different effect on microconidia germination of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici than root exudates from non-mycorrhizal tomato plants. Mycorrhiza. 16 (5): pp.365-370.
 
Scott, J., T. Gordon, S. Kirkpatrick, S. Koike, M. Matheron, O, Ochoa, M. Truco, and R. Michelmore. 2012. Crop rotation and genetic resistance reduce risk of damage from Fusarium wilt in lettuce. California Agriculture. 66: 20-24
Sharma, B. K., R. P. Singh, S. Saha, A. Kumar, A. B. Rai. 2011. Effect of temperature, pH and media on the growth and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causing wilt of tomato. Progressive Horticulture. 43(2): 186-192.
Sharoubeem, H. H., M. S. Naim, A. A. Habib. 1966. Effect of different levels of potassium on growth-vigour of cotton variety plants in relation to fusarium spp. associated with the vascular-wilt disease. Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata. 29, 65-81.
Snoeijers, S., A. Pérez-García, M. Joosten, and P. De Wit. 2000. The effect of nitrogen on disease development and gene expression in bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 106: 493-450.
Srinivas, C., D. N. Devi, K. N. Murthy, C. D. Mohan, T. R. Lakshmeesha, B. Singh, N. K. Kalagatur, S. R. Niranjana, A. Hashem, A. A. Alqarawi, B. Tabassum, E. F. Abd Allah, and S. C. Nayaka. 2019. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causal agent of vascular wilt disease of tomato: Biology to diversity- A review. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 26(7): 1315–1324. 
Song, W., L. Zhou, C. Yang, X. Cao, L. Zhang, and X. Liu. 2004. Tomato Fusarium wilt and its chemical control strategies in a hydroponic system. Crop Protection. 23 (3): 243-247.
Spaccini, R., J. S. C. Mbagwu, C. A. Igwe, P. Conte, and A. Piccolo. 2004.Carbohydrate and aggregation in lowland soils of Nigeria as influenced by organic input. Soil and Tillage Research. 75:161-172.
Staniaszek, M., E. U. Kozik, and W. Marczewski. 2007. A CAPS marker TAO1902 diagnostic for the I‐2 gene conferring resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 2 in tomato. Plant breeding. 126 (3): 331-333.
Tavakol Norabadi, M., Hasanzadeh, M., Dashtipoor, S., Mostafanegad, H., Mohammadifor, M., and Roostaei, A., 2012. Investigate the interaction of plant potassium (K) and tomato fusarium wilt disease (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici) in tomato plants. 20th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, 25-28 August 2012, p. 138.
Tyagi, S., and R. Paudel. 2014. Effect of different pH on the growth and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum: The causal organism of wilt disease of tomato. International Journal of Basic and Applied Biology. 2: 103-106.
Vakalounakis, D. J., and G. A. Fragkiadakis. 1999. Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum isolates from cucumber: differentiation by pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility, and RAPD fingerprinting. Phytopathology. 89 (2): 161-168.
Villamil, M. B., E. D. Nafziger, and G. D. Behnke. 2019. New grain P and K concentration values for Illinois field crops. Crop Forage Turfgrass Manage. 5 (1): 1-7.
Wang, M., Q. Zheng, Q. Shen, and S. Guo. 2013. The critical role of potassium in plant stress response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14: 7370-7390.
Worku, M., and S. Sahe. 2018. Review on disease management practice of tomato wilt caused Fusarium oxysporum in case of Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Pathology and Microbiology. 9(11): 460. doi: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000460.
Yergeau, E., D. W. Sommerville, E. Maheux, V. Vujanovic, C. Hamel, J. K. Whalen, and M. Arnaud. 2006. Relationships between Fusarium population structure, soil nutrient status and disease incidence in field-grown asparagus. Federation of European Microbiological Societies 58: 394-403.
 
Younesi, P., H. R. Etebarian, and A. M. Roustaee. 2014. Study of interaction between plant nutrition and cucumber Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum. Journal of Novel Researches on Plant Protection. 6(3): 297-308. (In Persian).
Zorb, C., H. P. Piepho, S. Zikeli, and B. Horneburg. 2020. Heritability and variability of quality parameters of tomatoes in outdoor production. Research. 2020, Article ID 6707529,