Study the effect of different mycorrhizal fungi on some growth indices, photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids and carotenoid content of pot marigold flower

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Horticulture Science and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

2 Department of Horticulture Science and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad

3 Production Department, High Educational Society of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Torbat Jam

Abstract

Introduction: Studying the fertilizer requirement and replacing biological fertilizers (mycorrhizal fungi) instead of chemical fertilizers is one of the great valuable issues in sustainable agriculture. Mycorrhizal fungi as biological fertilizer has applied to absorb nutriotion elements from the soil to increase plant growth. The researchers indicated that mycorrhizal fungi cause to change the metabolism of host plant by mycorrhizal inoculation and this modification in metabolism, produce defensive compounds in plant. Furthermore, mycorrhizal fungi improve plant growth by enhancing nutritional and water conditions of plant with changing the root morphology and increasing absorption area with their root development in the soil and stimulating gas interchanging via enhancing the sink capacity, which can be in consequence of nutritional conditions and water relationship enhancement by that fungus. Calendula officinalis is an annual plant from Asteraceae family, one of the well-known medicinal plants that nowadays uses lot in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and hygienic industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of various mycorrhizal fungi species on some growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, secondary metabolites amount (flavonoid and carotenoid) in maigold flower.
Materials and Methods: This study was performed as a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments comprised inoculation of different mycorrhizal fungi species included Glomus fasciculatum ,Glomus claroideum, Glomus versiform, Glomus geosporum, Glomus caledonium, Glomus mosseae, Glomus  intraradicese Glomus etanicatum, Glomus gigaspora and without fungal inoculation. The inoculation media of mycorrhizal fungi included vegetative organs and the spores of mycorrhizal fungi. In the experimental treatments 200 g of this media used for 5 Kg soil each pot.
The seeds of pot marigold were cultivated in the cultivation tray containing equal ratio of perlite and cocopeat, then at four leaves stage, three seedlings were transferred to each  pot. After about three months from applying the treatments and at flowering stage, the plants harvested and the studied characteristics included plant height, branchlet number, inflorescence number, stem diameter, flower dry weight, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll), relative water content, flavonoid and carotenoid of flowers were measured.  The data were subjected to statistical analysis by Minitab 18 software and the means were compared with Bonferroni test at P < 0.05.
Results and Discussion: The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of different types of mycorrhizal fungi on all of the studied characteristics in this experiment were significant at 1% probability level. Among the nine mycorrhizal fungi species that used in this study, application of G. mosseae had the highest effect on improving the most growth indices of pot marigold such as plant height, branchlet number, inflorescence number and flower dry weight. Also it had positive effect on enhancing photosynthetic pigments, so that total chlorophyll content increased 67% in this treatment compare to control. The highest relative water content and flower carotenoid also observed in this treatment. After that G. etanicatum and G. geosporum fungi provided the best conditions for pot marigold. Furthermore, the highest fungus colonization percentage (76.7%) with marigold root was observed at G. intraradicese and there was no significant differences with G. mosseae (71%) and G. geosporum  (70.66%) and the lowest colonization percentage (33%) was obtained at control and after that among different  mycorrhiza species G. gigaspora showed 53% colonization. Therefore, among the studied mycorrhiza species in this research, G. mosseae, G. etanicatum and G. geosporum can provide the best conditions for growth and desirable production of secondary metabolites in pot marigold as medicinal plant and suitable replacement for chemical fertilizers in organic agriculture.
Conclusions: Most mycorrhizal fungi species used in this research had high symbiosis with pot marigold root, therefore the measured characteristics in the most inoculated plants with mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased in comparison with control that can be in consequence of improving water relationships of plant and probably better nutrition absorption by mycorrhizal fungi. Of course G. gigaspora and G. claroideum in comparison with the other mycorrhizal fungi species that studied in this experiment, could not create good colonization with pot marigold root and therefore had not good effect on growth improvement and yield of marigold. Based on the obtained results of this study, G. mosseae, G. etanicatum and G. geosporum can provide the best conditions for desirable growth and production for pot marigold and as biological fertilizer are suitable replacement for chemical fertilizers.
 

Keywords

References

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